| (in millions of euros) | 2019 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Deferred tax assets | Deferred tax assets 2019 978 | Deferred tax assets 2018 1,220 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | Deferred tax liabilities 2019 (1,987) | Deferred tax liabilities 2018 (2,362) |
| Net deferred taxes at 1 January | Net deferred taxes at 1 January 2019 (1,009) | Net deferred taxes at 1 January 2018 (1,142) |
| Change in net income | Change in net income 2019 28 | Change in net income 2018 508 |
| Change in equity | Change in equity 2019 (402) | Change in equity 2018 (354) |
| Translation adjustments | Translation adjustments 2019 (66) | Translation adjustments 2018 23 |
| Changes in scope of consolidation (1) | Changes in scope of consolidation (1)2019 (275) | Changes in scope of consolidation (1)2018 (28) |
| Other movements(2) | Other movements (2)2019 (14) | Other movements (2)2018 (16) |
| NET DEFERRED TAXES AT 31 DECEMBER | NET DEFERRED TAXES AT 31 DECEMBER 2019 (1,738) | NET DEFERRED TAXES AT 31 DECEMBER 2018 (1,009) |
| Deferred tax assets | Deferred tax assets 2019 557 | Deferred tax assets 2018 978 |
| Deferred tax liabilities | Deferred tax liabilities 2019 (2,295) | Deferred tax liabilities 2018 (1,987) |
(1) Changes in the scope of consolidation essentially concern the reclassification of E&P concession assets as assets held for sale.
(2) This includes the reclassification of the provision for tax litigation as deferred tax liabilities in the amount of €235 million, in compliance with IFRIC 23 (see note 35) and a deferred tax asset relating to the tax inspections of EDF International (see note 50.1).
In 2019, €(69) million of the change in deferred tax assets included in equity results from actuarial gains and losses on post-employment benefits (€(309) million in 2018), and €(233) million corresponds to changes in the fair value of commodity hedges (€(11) million in 2018).
| (in millions of euros) | 31/12/2019 | 31/12/2018 |
|---|---|---|
| Deferred taxes: | ||
| Fixed assets | Fixed assets 31/12/2019 (6,141) | Fixed assets 31/12/2018 (5,627) |
| Provisions for employee benefits | Provisions for employee benefits 31/12/2019 5,018 | Provisions for employee benefits 31/12/2018 4,493 |
| Other provisions and impairment | Other provisions and impairment 31/12/2019 561 | Other provisions and impairment 31/12/2018 557 |
| Financial instruments | Financial instruments 31/12/2019 74 | Financial instruments 31/12/2018 172 |
| Tax loss carryforwards and unused tax credits | Tax loss carryforwards and unused tax credits 31/12/2019 1,292 | Tax loss carryforwards and unused tax credits 31/12/2018 1,448 |
| Other | Other 31/12/2019 333 | Other 31/12/2018 187 |
| Total deferred tax assets and liabilities | Total deferred tax assets and liabilities 31/12/2019 1,137 | Total deferred tax assets and liabilities 31/12/2018 1,230 |
| Unrecognised deferred tax assets | Unrecognised deferred tax assets 31/12/2019 (2,875) | Unrecognised deferred tax assets 31/12/2018 (2,239) |
| NET DEFERRED TAXES | NET DEFERRED TAXES 31/12/2019 (1,738) | NET DEFERRED TAXES 31/12/2018 (1,009) |
At 31 December 2019, unrecognised deferred tax assets represent a potential tax aving of €2,875 million (€2,239 million at 31 December 2018), mainly relating to France and the United States.
In France, this potential tax saving, which amounts to €2,091 million (€1,449 million at 31 December 2018), essentially concerns deferred tax assets on employee benefits. These deferred tax assets have no expiry date.
In the United States, this potential tax saving amounts to €473 million (€485 million in 2018) and relates to negative taxable earnings generating losses which can be carried forward until dates between 2030 and 2037.
Recognised deferred tax assets on tax loss carryforwards amount to €395 million (€662 million in 2018) and principally concern the United States (€197 million in 2019, €230 million in 2018), France (€37 million in 2019, €214 million in 2018). They have been recognised due to the existence of deferred tax liabilities on the same tax entities that will reverse over the same time horizon, or because there are prospects of taxable profits.
